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About The Book: The book delves into the origins of Hindu philosophy and its six schools, with a particular focus on Vedanta. It examines texts such as the Vedanta-Sutras and Vedanta-Sara, dissecting fundamental concepts like reality, illusion, ignorance, and the nature of the self. Contrasts with other philosophical traditions are drawn, and special attention is given to Advaita Vedanta's central tenets, including Avidya (ignorance) and Maya (illusion). Emphasizing the relevance of Vedanta in contemporary contexts, the book provides translations and explanatory notes. Against the backdrop of societal changes, it reflects on India's religious evolution, highlighting the transition from polytheism to the ascendancy of Vedanta. The narrative concludes by discussing Hindu intellectual development, which combines metaphysical speculation with practical scientific inquiry. In ancient Hindu philosophy, natural occurrences are anthropomorphized and venerated, with deities such as Mitra, Varuna, and Agni symbolizing various facets of the natural realm. Ceremonies and devotional songs are conducted to procure blessings such as rainfall, fertility, and prosperity. However, over time, there is a deepening of philosophical inquiry, leading to the delineation of two distinct paths: Karma Kanda, which emphasizes rituals, and Jnana Kanda, which prioritizes knowledge. Pessimism becomes more prevalent due to factors such as shifting climates, societal unrest, and the concept of rebirth. Hindu philosophical thought, manifested in six different schools, wrestles with inquiries into the essence of existence, resulting in a diverse array of beliefs and practices marked by varying perspectives and interpretations. About The Author: J. R. Ballantyne (1813–1864) was a Scottish Orientalist renowned for his pivotal role in advancing the study of Indian languages and grammar during the 19th century. Between 1832 and 1845, he instructed Persian, Hindi, and Arabic at the Scottish Naval and Mili